馬堤的剪報筆記

https://mit.imoat.net/handbook/pro-gen.htm#prop-int
General Structure
Learn the basic structure of a proposal.
Proposals share a general document architecture, which is usually modified to suit specific circumstances. The overall structure of a proposal can be broken down into four parts:
Front matter
Body
o Introduction
o Technical approach
o Management requirements
o Work plan
End matter, or management requirements
Front Matter
The front matter of a proposal includes the following components:
Letter of transmittal
Title page
Summary
Table of contents
List of figures and tables
Body
Introduction
In the introduction to a proposal, do the following:
• Identify the motivating need or problem. Develop the immediate context in which this problem has been highlighted. In external proposals be sure you are responding to the published need and motivation as identified by the outside agency.
• Focus your proposal by stating the key technical issues, as you perceive them, underlying the motivating problem.
• State explicitly, and with unbiased language, your objectives.
Technical Approach
Identify and explain fully the technical approach you are taking to reach your objectives.
• Ground your technical approach in a brief explication of necessary theoretical background: applicable theory, analytical models, previous work, and hypotheses.
• Present your method and design for reaching your stated objectives. You will most likely make reference to figures in this section.
• State how pertinent data will be acquired, and just as important, describe your data analysis methods.
Management Requirements
Explain clearly how you will manage the development of your proposal project. Proposal reviewers pay strict attention to this section because here you show that you have the required know-how to bring a project to completion. In this section, you will present the following information:
A timetable (or Gantt chart)
Required facilities and resources
Materials and equipment
Personnel (include résumés in appendix)
Work Plan
Include a work plan, sometimes called a project plan, as a separate section in all lengthy proposals. Preliminary project plans are also sometimes appropriate in feasibility and recommendation reports. In addition, most progress reports refer to all or part of previously existing project plans.
See Work Plan for a discussion of work plans.
End Matter
Bibliography
Résumés
Appendixes
Kinds of Proposals
Proposals may be written or oral, for government agencies or the private sector. Following is an example of a written government proposal. For an example of an oral presentation, Oral Presentations.